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http://www.datum-international.eu/
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<br><cite>On the Bay of Bengal near Kalapara at the mouth of the Rabnabad River, with Orissa on the skyline.</cite></p>
<p>International construction inspection as a Chartered Member of the
Royal Institute of British Architects provided on-site experience of
environmental hazards: snow, ice and periods of drought in New York
State, cyclones and severe rainfall and in Hong Kong. Senior Research
Fellowships at Universities of Bradford (Disaster Research Unit) and
Bath preceded flooding in Bangladesh, earthquakes in Algeria and impacts
of environmental hazards upon a coastal settlements and island states -
indicators of an essential need for working relationships towards the
reduction of disaster risk.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="index_files/logo_img.png" typeof="foaf:Image">
<h1 class="title" id="page-title">James Lewis | Datum International</h1>email: <a href="mailto:JLewis@datum-international.eu">jameslewis@datum-international.eu</a></p>
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<cite>Tuvalu: The Maneaba</cite></p>
<h2>Datum International</h2>
<p>Datum International was established in 1980 for the undertaking of
overseas consultancies with United Nations organisations and agencies
(UNCTAD,UNEP, UNESCO, UNHabitat and WHO), the Commonwealth Secretariat,
the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation and the European
Commission, in Algeria, Bangladesh, and island states of the Caribbean
and the South Pacific.</p>
<p>Rigorous environmental consideration became a creative extension of
architectural thought; exploration of reasons why buildings collapse,
crucial significance of siting and of design for flooding, earthquake,
and storm, and measures for existing buildings to take account of
climate change and its extremes.</p>
<h2>Vulnerabitity to natural hazards</h2>
<p><img alt="" class="media-image" typeof="foaf:Image" src="index_files/vulnerability_disasters.png" width="590" height="229"><br><cite>School in El Asnam, Algeria, destroyed by earthquake in 1980.</cite></p>
<blockquote><p>The vulnerable state of populations and settlements is as
much a contributor to the cause of ‘natural’ disasters as are the
physical phenomena with which they are associated over time.”. What are
called ‘earthquakes’ and ‘hurricanes’ are the natural forces; what are
seen afterwards are the results of the impact of those forces on human
settlements (where) damage destruction and death are conditioned by the
decisions and actions of society.<br><cite>James Lewis Development in
Disaster-prone Places: Studies of Vulnerability 1999 pp4-5. IT
Publications (Practical Action). London.</cite></p></blockquote>
<p>Many places may have an inherent vulnerability to hazards, such as
earthquakes or tropical cyclones, and occupants of those places,
communities or buildings, knowingly or unknowingly inherit and become
part of the vulnerability of the place they inhabit.</p>
<blockquote><p>What is done, or not done, to a place by people in
distant or recent pasts, can come to affect not only its occupiers at
that time, but also those that follow, recurrently for many years and in
perpetuity.<br><cite>(Lewis & Kelman ACME 2010 p194).</cite></p></blockquote>
<p>In the same way, external pressures upon people may contribute to
their susceptibility, and consequently to their vulnerability: their
exploitation and that of land, community displacement, social exclusion
and corruption in government, for example, lead to impoverishment and
poverty and are known examples of causes of people’s vulnerability.</p>
<p><strong>Disasters, therefore, are rarely “natural” - they are created
by humankind. Most people’s exposure to disaster risk has been created
by others, in recent times and in historical pasts.</strong></p>
<p>For millions of people there are few options for where, in what, or
how they live, having been forced or obliged to occupy places most
exposed to floods or landslides, on land not required for commercial
agriculture or other purposes, or in conditions so overcrowded and
without basic utilities that self improvement has become impossible.</p>
<p>Social and economic conditions in which a majority of people live are
created by the actions and inactions of others, made in their own
political and commercial self-interest. These actions and inactions and
the authorities that issue or condone them, invariably have become
institutionalised, “permanently” ingrained and “every day”.</p>
<p>Domination and control have become a significant negative
characteristic of everyday life because the power to effect change
remains with those who benefit, not with those who suffer the
consequences of oppression, discrimination, exploitation - and
consequent poverty and vulnerability.</p>
<p><strong>If we want to reduce the impact of disasters and reduce disaster risk, we should limit and prevent such actions and inactions.</strong></p>
<p><img alt="" class="media-image" typeof="foaf:Image" src="index_files/construction_destruction_reconstruction.jpg" width="590" height="229"><br><cite>Bangladesh: Dingabanga, Kutubdia 1993</cite></p>
<h2>Corruption</h2>
<p>Corruption is an engine of poverty and vulnerability. Impoverished
communities suffer a disproportionate share of losses and are rendered
less able to counter daily needs or subsequent extremes.</p>
<p>Corruption is a significant cause of building failure in earthquakes.
Reinforced concrete, used all over the world, will fail if cement and
steel are not adequate. Buildings will collapse and occupants, users and
neighbours will lose their lives. Only afterwards does wreckage and
rubble reveal the causes of failure, the deaths, injuries, bereavement
and loss, in what should have been the social purpose of building.</p>
<blockquote><p>Earthquakes don’t kill people; collapsing buildings do.
While earthquakes may not be preventable, it is possible to prevent the
disasters they cause. Many deaths ... result from buildings that folded
in on themselves because concrete was diluted, steel bars were excised,
or otherwise substandard building practices were employed.<br><cite>James Lewis, Global Corruption Report, 2005 Transparency International. Berlin. p23.</cite></p></blockquote>
<p> </p>
<h2>Climate change</h2>
<p>Extremes of weather brought about by climate change expose prevailing
and new vulnerabilities and may cause the incidence of disasters to
increase. Cyclical consequences of domestic and community displacement
create new and exacerbated vulnerabilities. Impacts of climate change
are greatest upon cities, ports and harbours due to sea level rise, and
other settlements on low-lying coastlines and deltas, upon poorer
countries and upon poverty everywhere, and upon countries with weak
governance and endemic corruption as prime causes of under-development.</p>
<h2>Islands</h2>
<p><img alt="" class="media-image" typeof="foaf:Image" src="index_files/islands.jpg" width="590" height="229"><br><cite>Solomon Islands: Nggela from Guadalcanal</cite></p>
<p>Though they may be missed by tropical cyclones that impact the shores
of larger countries, the proportional impact of tropical cyclones,
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions upon individual islands and island
states is much greater – to the extent of almost all dwellings
demolished or all crops lost (Lewis 1979). Numerous islands have been
fought over and colonised, often more than once and some archipelagos
include active volcanoes; superimposed vulnerability becomes exacerbated
by recurrent natural and other hazards.</p>
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<p><img src="index_files/logo_img.png" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;"><br />James Lewis | <strong>Datum International</strong><br>email: <a href="mailto:JLewis@datum-international.eu">jameslewis@datum-international.eu</a></p>
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