Анализ сайта https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/
Основное Готовность: 75%
Домен
frauengewalt.wordpress.com
Состояние доменного имени
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Проверяем корректность доменного имени и наличие технических проблем на уровне домена.
Используйте для продвижения только домен второго уровня.
Длина домена велика. Но если вы продвигаете запрос, входящий в название домена, то это хорошо.
Ответ сервера
200 Успешный ответ
HTTP-код ответа и цепочка редиректов
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Код 200 — страница доступна. Коды 3xx — редиректы (цепочки замедляют загрузку и размывают ссылочный вес). Коды 4xx/5xx — ошибки, поисковик не сможет проиндексировать страницу.
Сервер настроен корректно.
Безопасность
Сайт безопасен
Использование HTTPS и SSL-сертификат
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HTTPS — обязательный стандарт. Google и Яндекс отдают предпочтение защищённым сайтам. Отсутствие SSL или просроченный сертификат ведут к предупреждениям в браузере и снижению позиций.
На сайте работает защищенный протокол ssl и сайт открывается по https.
Ssl-сертификат действителен до 04.10.2026 22:45:22.
Включён HSTS (Strict-Transport-Security) — защита от подмены на http.
Поздравляем! Сайт не содержится в реестре РКН.
Кодировка
UTF-8
Кодировка символов страницы
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Стандарт — UTF-8. Неправильная кодировка вызывает нечитаемые символы и мешает поисковику корректно распознать текст страницы.
Указана кодировка на странице UTF-8.
Язык
de-DE
Атрибут lang в HTML-теге
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Атрибут lang (<html lang="ru">) сообщает поисковикам и браузерам, на каком языке написана страница. Помогает при ранжировании в региональном поиске.
Язык документа указан явно: de-DE.
Скорость загрузки
~0,21сек
Время отклика сервера (TTFB)
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Time To First Byte — время до получения первого байта от сервера. Норма до 200 мс. Медленный отклик ухудшает пользовательский опыт и ранжирование: Яндекс и Google учитывают скорость страниц.
Скорость загрузки сайта 0,21сек оптимальна.
Объем документа
631Кб
Размер HTML-кода страницы
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Слишком большой HTML замедляет парсинг браузером и сканирование поисковым роботом. Рекомендуется не более 200 Кб.
Объем html-документа 631Кб оптимален.
Структура html-документа корректна.
Ресурсы
Ресурсы: 12
Внешние ресурсы страницы (CSS, JS, изображения)
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Количество и тип подключённых ресурсов влияют на скорость загрузки. Большое число запросов увеличивает время рендеринга страницы.
Кол-во файлов ресурсов 12 много для одной страницы. Приемлемо до 10. Проведите оптимизацию файлов ресурсов!
Показать полный список ресурсов
| Тип | Название | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| stylesheet | text/css | /_static/??-eJx9jEEOAiEQBD/kQECjeDC+ZWEnijIwYWA3/l72op689KFTVXplCCU3zE1z6reYRYfiUwlP0VYZpwxIJE4IFRd10HOU9iFA2iuhCiI7/ROiDt9WxfETT20jCOc4YUIa2D9t5eGA91xRBMZS7ATtPkTZvCtdzNEZt7f2fHq8Afl7R7w=&cssminify=yes |
| stylesheet | text/css | /wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch/style.css?m=1741693338i&cssminify=yes |
| stylesheet | https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab%3A300%2C400%2C700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext | |
| stylesheet | text/css | /_static/??-eJx9jsEKwjAQRH/IuC1C60X8FEmXNU1NsiG7pfTvTcFDQPE2D+YNA1s2yEkpKcTV5LA6nwQW0mzx9WGIzAkePiE4SlR8NeR3PKPICZpRnSmSQF4nyJQEi1Wc4ZgS3QOZLSPHL6u5UmgK7Gp0UFsN/pMcsQmMVn093oJ5BuvLod7jrR/HfuiGy7Vb3jk1YtY=&cssminify=yes |
| stylesheet | text/css | /wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes |
| stylesheet | text/css | /wp-content/themes/h4/global.css?m=1420737423i&cssminify=yes |
| js | text/javascript | /wp-content/js/rlt-proxy.js?m=1720530689i |
| js | //0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202634d1133547e8a1f2801609f51cef12522abe7f6647d869e9fbc974fe356a37e613 | |
| js | text/javascript | /wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i |
| js | text/javascript | /_static/??/wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch/js/navigation.js,/wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?m=1415894077j |
| js | //stats.wp.com/w.js?69 | |
| js | /wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=17&m=202634 |
Серверные заголовки
Кол-во: 10
HTTP-заголовки ответа сервера
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Заголовки сервера передают браузеру и поисковику служебную информацию: кеширование, безопасность (CSP, HSTS), сжатие (gzip). Правильная настройка ускоряет загрузку и повышает защищённость.
Найдены серверные заголовки 10шт. Подробнее про серверные заголовки.
Показать полный список серверных заголовков
| Ключ | Значение |
|---|---|
| Server | nginx |
| Date | Sun, 23 Aug 2026 07:48:16 GMT |
| Vary | Accept-Encoding |
| x-hacker | Want root? Visit join.a8c.com/hacker and mention this header. |
| host-header | WordPress.com |
| Link | <https://public-api.wordpress.com/wp-json/?rest_route=/sites/frauengewalt.wordpress.com>; rel="https://api.w.org/" |
| x-ac | 19.arn _dca STALE |
| Alt-Svc | clear |
| Strict-Transport-Security | max-age=31536000 |
| Server-Timing | a8c-cdn, dc;desc=arn, cache;desc=STALE;dur=1.0 |
CMS
WordPress
Система управления сайтом (движок)
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CMS — это движок, на котором работает сайт (WordPress, 1C-Bitrix, Tilda и др.). Знание CMS помогает понять возможности SEO-оптимизации и подобрать подходящие инструменты. «Не определена» — вероятно, самописный сайт или нестандартная сборка.
Сайт работает на CMS WordPress.
Веб-сервер
nginx
Программное обеспечение сервера
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Веб-сервер — это ПО, которое отдаёт страницы посетителям (nginx, Apache, IIS, LiteSpeed и др.). Определяется по серверным заголовкам ответа (Server, X-Powered-By и т.п.). «Не определён» — сервер намеренно скрывает эти заголовки, это нормальная практика безопасности.
Сайт работает на веб-сервере nginx.
Мета-теги Готовность: 43%
Title
Gewalt ist auch weiblich | Hunderte Studien und Fachpublikationen lügen nicht
Заголовок страницы в браузере и поисковой выдаче
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Title — главный SEO-заголовок страницы. Влияет на CTR в поиске и ранжирование. Оптимальная длина: 50–70 символов. Ключевые слова — ближе к началу.
Необходимо уменьшить число символов в title (текущее значение: 77, оптимально: от 40 до 45)
Дублей словоформ в title не найдено.
Description
Hunderte Studien und Fachpublikationen lügen nicht
Описание страницы в поисковой выдаче (сниппет)
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Meta Description — текст под заголовком в выдаче. Напрямую на позиции не влияет, но влияет на CTR. Оптимальная длина: 120–160 символов.
Необходимо увеличить число символов в description (текущее значение мало: 50, минимум: 80, оптимально: от 120 до 130)
Keywords
Список ключевых слов страницы (устаревший тег)
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Meta Keywords не учитывается Яндексом и Google для ранжирования с 2009–2012 годов. Заполнение не обязательно, но не вредит. Конкурент может использовать содержимое для анализа.
Установите мета-тег keywords!
Канонический Url
Указывает поисковику основную версию страницы
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Canonical (rel=canonical) предотвращает проблему дублей страниц. Должен точно совпадать с URL проверяемой страницы. Неправильный canonical может передать ссылочный вес на другую страницу.
Рекомендуем прописать канонический Url.
Robots
Есть ошибки
Директивы для поисковых роботов на уровне страницы
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Meta Robots управляет индексацией конкретной страницы: index/noindex — индексировать ли, follow/nofollow — следовать ли по ссылкам. Noindex полностью исключает страницу из поиска.
Meta-тег robots указан, но в нем содержится неизвестное значение...
Адаптивность
width=device-width, initial-scale=1
Настройка масштабирования на мобильных устройствах
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Тег viewport (<meta name="viewport">) сообщает браузеру, как масштабировать страницу на мобильных. Стандарт: width=device-width, initial-scale=1. Отсутствие — признак отсутствия мобильной версии.
Meta-тег viewport со значением-константой width=device-width задаёт ширину страницы в соответствии с размером экрана.
Meta-тег viewport со значением initial-scale=1.0 определяет масштаб 1:1, т.е. «не масштабировать».
Разметка OpenGraph
Кол-во: 10
Мета-теги для красивых превью в соцсетях
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OpenGraph (og:title, og:description, og:image) управляет тем, как страница выглядит при репосте в социальных сетях и мессенджерах. Отсутствие OG-тегов — невзрачный превью при шеринге.
Разметка OpenGraph задана. Страница оптимизирована под социальные сети.
Показать полный список og мета-тегов
| Тип | Значение |
|---|---|
| og:type | website |
| og:title | Gewalt ist auch weiblich |
| og:description | Hunderte Studien und Fachpublikationen lügen nicht |
| og:url | https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/ |
| og:site_name | Gewalt ist auch weiblich |
| og:image | https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg?m=1383295312i |
| og:image:width | 200 |
| og:image:height | 200 |
| og:image:alt | |
| og:locale | de_DE |
Все мета-теги
Кол-во: 17
Полный список мета-тегов страницы
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Таблица всех meta-тегов, включая нестандартные. Позволяет найти опечатки, дубли и лишние теги.
Найдены мета-теги 17шт. Мета-теги не видимы для человека и предназначены для обмена информацией между веб-страницей и поисковыми системами, браузерами и другими веб-службами. С ними роботы 🤖 и устройства ведут себя более ожидаемо.
Показать полный список мета-тегов
| Тип | Название | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| name | viewport | width=device-width, initial-scale=1 |
| name | robots | max-image-preview:large |
| name | generator | WordPress.com |
| name | theme-color | #eeeeee |
| name | description | Hunderte Studien und Fachpublikationen lügen nicht |
| property | og:type | website |
| property | og:title | Gewalt ist auch weiblich |
| property | og:description | Hunderte Studien und Fachpublikationen lügen nicht |
| property | og:url | https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/ |
| property | og:site_name | Gewalt ist auch weiblich |
| property | og:image | https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg?m=1383295312i |
| property | og:image:width | 200 |
| property | og:image:height | 200 |
| property | og:image:alt | |
| property | og:locale | de_DE |
| property | fb:app_id | 249643311490 |
| property | bilmur:data |
Оптимизация Готовность: 80%
Структура
Ошибок нет
Семантические HTML-элементы страницы
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Проверяет наличие основных структурных элементов: nav, header, footer, main. Корректная семантическая структура помогает поисковику понять архитектуру страницы.
Структура документа корректна (теги <html> и <body> присутствуют по одному на документ).
Контент
Ошибок нет
Объём и качество текстового содержимого
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Анализирует объём полезного текста на странице. Слишком мало — страница может считаться малополезной. Слишком много — ухудшается читаемость и восприятие.
Слова из title 10 встречаются в тексте достаточно.
Абзацев с текстом 1150 достаточно.
Среднее число слов в абзаце 59 достаточно.
Кол-во знаков контента 458355 на странице оптимально.
Кол-во слов 69251 на странице оптимально.
Заголовки
Ошибок нет
Иерархия заголовков H1–H6
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H1 должен быть один и содержать ключевой запрос. H2–H6 описывают подразделы. Пропуск уровней (H1 → H3) и несколько H1 — типичные ошибки, снижающие понятность страницы для поисковика.
На странице присутствуют заголовки <h1> 5. Это прекрасно.
На странице присутствуют заголовки <h2> 1. Это хорошо.
Тошнота
36,61
Насколько одно слово доминирует в тексте
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Классическая тошнота = √(частота самого повторяющегося слова). Норма до 7–8: текст воспринимается естественно. Выше — поисковик может счесть страницу переспамленной.
Тошнота превышает норму 5. Измените текст страницы!
Академич. тошнота
34,56%
Насколько текст перенасыщен ключевыми словами
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Академическая тошнота = (частота слова / общее количество слов) × 100%. Показывает долю конкретного слова в тексте. Норма 5–15%.
Академическая тошнота превышает норму 5-15%. Измените текст страницы!
Семантическое ядро
20
Наиболее часто встречающиеся слова на странице
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Топ слов по частоте использования. Показывает, какие слова доминируют в тексте с точки зрения поисковика.
Контент страницы содержит осмысленный текст и слова.
Показать список слов
| Слово | Кол-во | Частота |
|---|---|---|
| violence | 1340 | 1,93% |
| sexual | 438 | 0,63% |
| partner | 423 | 0,61% |
| aggression | 412 | 0,59% |
| female | 360 | 0,52% |
| physical | 331 | 0,48% |
| dating | 304 | 0,44% |
| victims | 263 | 0,38% |
| journal | 259 | 0,37% |
| relationships | 258 | 0,37% |
| intimate | 255 | 0,37% |
| reported | 247 | 0,36% |
| gender | 220 | 0,32% |
| research | 213 | 0,31% |
| domestic | 209 | 0,30% |
| partners | 174 | 0,25% |
| family | 162 | 0,23% |
| students | 156 | 0,23% |
| relationship | 156 | 0,23% |
| between | 147 | 0,21% |
Индексация Готовность: 34%
Индексирование
Есть ошибки
Разрешено ли индексирование страницы
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Проверяет, не закрыта ли страница от индексации через robots.txt, meta robots или X-Robots-Tag. Страница, закрытая от индексации, не появится в поисковой выдаче.
Анкоров на странице 636 слишком много. Проведите ревизию и оптимизацию ссылок сайта.
Robots.txt
Найден корректный robots.txt
Файл управления сканированием сайта роботами
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Robots.txt указывает поисковым роботам, какие страницы сканировать, а какие — нет. Ошибки в файле могут случайно закрыть важные разделы от индексации.
Robots.txt настроен корректно. Размер файла: 652 байт. Загружен за: 95мсек.
Проверяемая страница не запрещена в robots.txt.
Robots.txt доступен по постоянному адресу
Показать содержимое robots.txt
# If you are regularly crawling WordPress.com sites, please use our firehose to receive real-time push updates instead.
# Please see https://developer.wordpress.com/docs/firehose/ for more details.
Sitemap: https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/news-sitemap.xml
User-agent: *
Disallow: /wp-admin/
Allow: /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php
Disallow: /wp-login.php
Disallow: /wp-signup.php
Disallow: /press-this.php
Disallow: /remote-login.php
Disallow: /activate/
Disallow: /cgi-bin/
Disallow: /mshots/v1/
Disallow: /next/
Disallow: /public.api/
# This file was generated on Thu, 26 Mar 2026 10:06:02 +0000
Sitemap
Кол-во: 2
XML-карта сайта для поисковиков
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Sitemap.xml помогает поисковику быстрее находить и индексировать страницы. Особенно важен для крупных сайтов и новых страниц, на которые ещё нет входящих ссылок.
Robots.txt содержит несколько карт сайтов 2. Это профессионально!
Robots.txt не содержит ошибок в картах сайта.
Показать карты сайта
| Url | Статус |
|---|---|
| https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/sitemap.xml |
|
| https://frauengewalt.wordpress.com/news-sitemap.xml |
|
Внутренние ссылки
Кол-во: 16
Ссылки на другие страницы своего сайта
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Внутренние ссылки распределяют ссылочный вес между страницами и помогают поисковику обходить сайт. Пустые анкоры и ссылки на запрещённые robots.txt страницы — типичные ошибки.
Некоторые внутренние ссылки сайта 1шт запрещены к индексации поисковыми системами в robots.txt. Пройдитесь по списку внутренних ссылок: удалите ошибочные или исправьте файл robots.txt!
На странице присутствуют внутренние ссылки с пустым анкором: 1!
Внутренних ссылок на странице 16 оптимально.
На странице присутствуют изображения 2.
Показать внутренние ссылки
| Url | Анкор | Состояние | Анализировать |
|---|---|---|---|
| / |
Пустой анкор
|
|
Анализировать url |
| / |
Gewalt ist auch weiblich
|
|
Анализировать url |
| / |
Startseite
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /eine-seite/ |
Über
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /2017/07/10/studien/ |
560+ Studien
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /2017/07/10/studien/ |
<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2017-07-10T10:00:49+00:00">10. Juli 2017</time><time class="updated" datetime="2017-07-15T11:07:43+00:00">15. Juli 2017</time>
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /author/terminatus30/ |
Fahrenheit 451
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /2017/07/ |
Juli 2017
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /wp-login.php |
Anmelden
|
Запрет в robots.txt
|
Анализировать url |
| /feed/ |
Feed der Einträge
|
|
Анализировать url |
| /comments/feed/ |
Kommentare-Feed
|
|
Анализировать url |
| / |
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
<span>Abonnieren</span>
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<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
<span>Abonniert</span>
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<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
<span>Abonnieren</span>
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<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
<span>Abonniert</span>
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| Url | Анкор | Анализировать |
|---|---|---|
| springer.com |
Sex Roles
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Partner Abuse
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| springerpub.com |
Violence and Victims
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| eu.wiley.com |
Law & Society Review
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| journals.elsevier.com |
Child Abuse & Neglect
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| cjb.sagepub.com |
Criminal Justice and Behavior
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| journals.elsevier.com |
Aggression and Violent Behavior
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| apa.org |
Psychology of Men & Masculinity
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| tandf.co.uk |
Journal of Sexual Aggression
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| elsevier.com |
Journal of Adolescent Health
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| jiv.sagepub.com |
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
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| elsevier.com |
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
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| tandfonline.com |
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma
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| emeraldinsight.com |
Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research
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| mensstudies.info |
International Journal of Men’s Health
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| journals.elsevier.com |
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
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| journals.elsevier.com |
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Adolescent Health
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| scimagojr.com |
Child Abuse & Neglect
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
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| scimagojr.com |
Sex Roles
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| scimagojr.com |
Criminal Justice and Behavior
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| scimagojr.com |
Psychology of Men & Masculinity
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| scimagojr.com |
Law and Society Review
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| scimagojr.com |
Aggression and Violent Behavior
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| scimagojr.com |
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
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| scimagojr.com |
Violence and Victims
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| scimagojr.com |
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma
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| scimagojr.com |
International Journal of Men’s Health
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Sexual Aggression
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| scimagojr.com |
Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research
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| scimagojr.com |
Partner Abuse
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| sciencedirect.com |
Highlights • Despite positive changes to UK law, other Westernized nations have more thorough gender-neutral legislation. • Lack of funding and staff training in UK services means that support for male survivors is lacking. • Further academic and educational work is needed to eradicate negative stereotypes towards male survivors.
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| journals.sagepub.com |
Women commit sexual offenses, but the proportion of sexual offenders who are female is subject to debates. Based on 17 samples from 12 countries, the current meta-analysis found that a small proportion of sexual offenses reported to police are committed by females (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 2.2%). In contrast, victimization surveys indicated prevalence rates of female sexual offenders that were six times higher than official data (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 11.6%). Female sexual offenders are more common among juvenile offenders than adult offenders, with approximately 2 percentage points more female juvenile sex offenders than female adult sex offenders. We also found that males were much more likely to self-report being victimized by female sex offenders compared with females (40% vs. 4%). The current study provides a robust estimate of the prevalence of female sexual offending, using a large sample of sexual offenses across diverse countries.
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| journals.sagepub.com |
Sexual violence has been increasingly recognized as a social, rather than strictly individual or family, problem. Unfortunately, providers and policymakers remain divided on the scope and causes of sexual violence, which limits their capacity to develop theory- and evidence-based responses. Such limitations are particularly pronounced in regards to children and adolescents. These youth are rarely addressed in the literature, and when they are, scholars tend to focus on adult victimization of children rather than children’s victimization of their peers. This study investigates the prevalence of unwanted sexual contact among middle students. Data are from a sample of 1,371 students attending New York City public middle schools. Drawing from current antiviolence curricula and scholarly literature on sexual violence, gender and dating experience are used as predictors of victimization and perpetration; race, age, and prior exposure to antiviolence programming are included as controls. Data reveal that, while boys’ violence towards girls comprises a substantial proportion of sexual violence in this population, same-sex violence and girls’ violence towards boys are also prevalent. Analyses conclude with recommendations for future antiviolence programming based on these patterns.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Research on women’s perpetration of physical violence has focused primarily on partners, often neglecting perpetration against nonpartners. This study proposes a conceptual model with direct and indirect relationships between childhood adversity and different targets of violence (partners and nonpartners), mediated by victimization experiences (by partner and nonpartners), mental illness, substance abuse, and anger. Using survey data from a random sample of incarcerated women (N = 574), structural equation modeling resulted in significant, albeit different, indirect paths from childhood adversity, through victimization, to perpetration of violence against partners (β = .20) and nonpartners (β = .19). The results indicate that prevention of women’s violence requires attention to specific forms of victimization, anger expression, and targets of her aggression.
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| sciencedirect.com |
This article examines female sexual perpetration in the U.S. To do so, we analyzed data from four large-scale federal agency surveys conducted independently by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2008 through 2013. We found these data to contradict the common belief that female sexual perpetration is rare. We therefore reviewed the broader literature to identify patterns and provide context, including among high-risk populations such as college students and inmates. We recommend that professionals responding to this problem avoid gender stereotypes that downplay the frequency and impact of female sexual perpetration so as to comprehensively address sexual victimization in all forms.
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| tandfonline.com |
This study explored the relationship between some aspects of sexuality and individuals‘ likelihood to perpetrate sexual aggression in men and women. We assessed the following sexuality variables: content of positive sexual cognitions (PSCs)/negative sexual cognitions (i.e., intimate, exploratory, dominance/ submission or impersonal), dyadic and solitary sexual desire, propensity for sexual excitation (SE)/sexual inhibition and sexual victimisation during childhood and/or adolescence/adulthood. We examined a community sample of 228 men and 333 women, of whom 67 men and 43 women had perpetrated sexual aggression. Compared to non-aggressors, male aggressors reported a higher frequency of PSCs of dominance; female aggressors reported a higher frequency of PSCs of dominance and exploratory and impersonal sexual cognitions as both positive and negative and negative impersonal cognitions. All sexual aggressors reported higher levels of solitary desire and propensity for SE. Regression analyses revealed that the most relevant variable in the prediction of sexual aggression was sexual victimisation during adolescence/adulthood in both sexes. Differences between male and female sexual aggressors are discussed.
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| psycnet.apa.org |
A large body of research clearly indicates that men are victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, in Portugal, the phenomenon of male victims of IPV remains hidden and is not a target of research, public policy, or social attention. This exploratory study analyzed the prevalence of victimization, help-seeking behaviors, and needs of 89 men who defined themselves as victims of IPV. Men reported that they had been the victims of at least 1 abusive behavior by their current or former female partner. Psychological violence, followed by physical and sexual violence, was the most frequently reported experience. The majority of the men did not seek help because of difficulty in self-identifying as victims, shame, and distrust of the support system. When they did seek help, informal sources, such as friends and family, were used more often than formal sources. In terms of formal support, victims used health professionals and social/victim support services more than any other type. The male victims evaluated the formal resources (e.g., social/victim support services, police, justice system) as unhelpful. A mediation model showed that both frequency of physical violence and self-reported impact of IPV predicted help-seeking, with impact of IPV partially mediating the association between physical IPV and help-seeking. The results indicate the difficulties that men have in recognizing themselves as victims of abuse, their reluctance to seek help, the barriers they face, and their heterogeneous and idiosyncratic needs. The implications regarding masculinity, the help-seeking system, and public policy are discussed.
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| journals.sagepub.com |
We found no gender differences for ARA victimization but found that girls perpetrated more physical ARA than boys. Girls aged 15 to 18 reported perpetrating moderate threats/physical violence at more than twice the rate of younger girls and 3 times the rate compared with boys aged 15 to 18; girls aged 15 to 18 reported perpetrating more than 4 times the rate of serious psychological abuse than boys 15 to 18.
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| sciencedirect.com |
In this paper we explore and offer possible explanations for trends in the incarceration of women and men in Thailand from 2003 to 2013. Women in Thailand are far less likely than men to be in prison but fluctuations in incarceration saw gender gaps expand/contract over the decade. Exploration of variation in the composition of prison populations, arrest and sentencing suggest that regardless of gender, changing responses to less serious types of offending, especially drug crimes, are driving incarceration. More broadly, rather than any fundamental transformation in the offending of women or men per sea, imprisonment is being impacted by shifts in law, policy and criminal justice practice. War on drugs‘ policies, changes to parole and use of the Royal Pardon provide plausible explanations for the trends we report. The question of whether or not women have been disproportionately impacted by Thailand’s punitive approach to drug crime is also explored.
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| psycnet.apa.org |
Researchers argue that partner violence (PV) is a multidimensional and heterogeneous phenomenon that needs to be measured in multiple ways to capture its range, extent, severity, and potential consequences. Several large scale, population-based studies show that about 40% to 50% of PV victims in a 1-year time period are men; this finding is consistent whether the study focuses on physical PV or a combination of several forms of PV. However, no one has investigated how the different forms of PV contribute to male victims’ poor mental health, although research suggests that physical, psychological, and sexual PV contribute unique variance to female victims’ poor health. The current study investigated how 6 forms of PV—physical, sexual, severe psychological, controlling, legal/ administrative (LA), and injury—contributed to the poor health of 611 male victims of PV who sought help. We found that the combination of PV contributed significant unique variance to men’s depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, physical health, and poor health symptoms, after controlling for demographic and other traumatic experiences. The common variance among the forms of PV victimization was the strongest contributor to victims’ poor health; the types of PV that contributed the most unique variance were controlling behaviors, LA aggression, sexual aggression, and injury. Discussion focuses on the research and practice implications of these findings.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Traditional gender roles, sex scripts, and the way female sex offenders are portrayed in the media may lead to misconceptions about who can commit sexual offenses. Sexual crimes by women may go unnoticed or unreported if there is a general lack of awareness that females commit these crimes. Data from the 2012 Nebraska Annual Social Indicators Survey were used to determine whether the public perceives women as capable sex offenders and the perceived causes of female sex offending. The traditional focus on male sex offenders by researchers, media, and politicians, in addition to gender stereotypes, introduces the possibility of group differences (e.g., between men and women) in perceptions of female sex offenders. Consequently, two secondary analyses were conducted that tested for group differences in both the public’s perception of whether females can commit sex offenses and the explanations selected for why females sexually offend. The findings suggest that the public does perceive women as capable sex offenders, although there were group differences in the causal attributions for female sex offending.
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| sciencedirect.com |
This article analyses “Intimate Terrorism” (IT) in relationships of 14,252 university student couples. A unique conceptual and methodological contribution is conceptualizing and measuring IT at the couple-level using Dyadic Concordance Types (DCTs) to identify three DCTs: Male-Only IT, Female-Only IT, and Both IT. Data from female as well as male participants found 51% of couples Both IT, 16% Male-Only, 33% Female-Only. These percentages are similar to most other studies which empirically compared men and women IT, including comparisons based on child reports of inter-parent violence. They contradict Johnson’s assertion that IT is almost exclusively male. The theoretical implication is that, like other forms of partner abuse, understanding IT can be enhanced when it is conceptualized as a characteristic of couples, not just of individuals. A critique of Johnson’s criteria to identify IT concludes it is inadequate to identify cases which correspond to what is implied by “terrorism.” The research and clinical implication are that if the concept of IT is used, the data analysis or treatment plan can benefit from by identifying the cases as Male-Only, Female-Only, or Both IT.
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| tandfonline.com |
In this study, researchers investigated whether lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) adolescents use indirect aggression and exhibit prosocial behavior in their relationships at rates comparable to their heterosexual peers. In a sample of 666 college students (median age = 19.5 years), LGBTQ adolescents (N = 22) used relationally and socially aggressive behaviors at a level consistent with their heterosexual peers. This suggests that sexual orientation identification does not appear to differentially affect the use of indirectly aggressive behaviors during social interactions. There were also no differences in self-reported interpersonally mature behaviors (e.g., use of prosocial skills) exhibited by heterosexual and LGBTQ adolescents in this sample, which indicates that sexual and gender identity were also unrelated to the use of prosocial behaviors.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
This study expands limited existing knowledge of the characteristics of violent crimes for which women in state prisons are incarcerated. An analysis was conducted utilizing survey data collected from female state prisoners by the U.S. Department of Justice for the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004. The randomly selected, national sample consisted of 866 female state prisoners. Results suggest that the majority of the violent offenses occurred within the context of a relationship with the victim, most often in a domestic setting, and were influenced by the presence or absence of co-defendants. In addition, the use of weapons was infrequent and often defensive. Implications for practice in violence prevention, prison-based, and reentry services are discussed.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Despite the growing body of research on violence against persons with activity limitations (ALs), only a handful of studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) and ALs have included men in their analyses. This study used a nationally representative sample of 15,010 Canadians to examine the risk of IPV against men and women with and without ALs. Results showed that, with controls for age and education, men and women with any type of AL faced an elevated risk of IPV victimization. Adjusting for perpetrator-related risk factors fully accounted for the elevated risk for men with physical ALs and multiple ALs but not for men with nonphysically based ALs. Women in each AL type, on the other hand, had elevated odds of IPV after adjustments. A comparison of women with ALs to men with ALs showed that perpetrator-related risk factors accounted for women’s elevated risk for those with physical ALs and nonphysical ALs but not those with multiple ALs. Overall, although the risk of IPV is greater for women with ALs than for men with ALs, IPV is nevertheless a significant problem for men with ALs. Targeted interventions to prevent IPV for both genders are needed.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Accurate identification of partner abuse (PA) victims and perpetrators is essential to secondary prevention of such violence. Important progress has been made regarding identification of female victims of PA but significantly less scholarly attention has been given to screening instruments that capture men’s PA experiences. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the history of PA screening methods/instruments used and to provide an organized critique of screening tools used with men today. A gender-inclusive approach was used to critique 8 PA screening tools along the following themes: theoretical/paradigmatic approach, language, abuse type, severity and frequency, format, and psychometric data. Strengths of the instruments included (a) use of gender-neutral language in item wording, (b) screening for multiple forms of PA, (c) assessment of frequency of violent acts, and (d) collection of psychometric data with men. Recommendations for future practice include a list of questions for clinicians to use when selecting a screening tool. These questions will assist clinicians and scholars to consider the strengths and limitations of each tool and make more informed choices about the instruments they are using to screen men. Future research recommendations included (a) a call to the field to use a gender-inclusive framework in developing PA screening tools, (b) for developers to clearly label and outline theories or paradigms used to develop instruments, and (c) to obtain psychometric data for diverse groups of men, across various settings (e.g., community mental health agencies, private practice, college campuses).
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Despite the increased social recognition, law and policy changes within the criminal justice system, and the widespread use of court mandated batterer intervention programs (BIPs) domestic violence continues to be a persistent problem. The lack of significant decline in incidence rates along with a growing body of empirical evidence that indicates BIPs are, at best, only moderately effective raises serious concern. Effective policies and programs should be based on empirically tested theory. The assertion “the batterer’s motive is power and control” has become fundamental to many of the currently used BIPs and accepted mainstream theoretical explanations regarding domestic violence. However, the domestic violence literature has not yet advanced any specific conceptualizations of power, it has not produced a theoretical model of power that articulates why or how power specifically acts as a motive for a batterer, nor has it empirically tested this fundamental assertion. The main goal of this article is to take a step toward addressing this gap and advance our current understanding of an individual’s sense of power and control as a motive for using violence against an intimate partner. Specifically, it will review the pertinent literature regarding power and domestic violence, propose a new theoretical construct called internal power, and discuss internal power’s application to understanding a batterer’s “power motive.”
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| journals.sagepub.com |
Intimate partner violence is a serious social problem and public health issue affecting the well-being of the young adults. However, there is very little epidemiological evidence on the incidence and associated health problems in contemporary Chinese society. Using a representative community sample of 1,223 young adults aged 18 to 27 years conducted by Hong Kong Family Planning Association in 2011, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and possible health consequences of intimate partner violence among young adults in Hong Kong. It is found that the prevalence of lifetime and preceding 1-year intimate partner violence by former or current partners was 8.6% and 4.9% respectively. Male youths who were older were less likely to experience past-year intimate partner violence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21, p < .05) and those who had a university degree or were unemployed were more likely to experience past-year intimate partner violence (OR = 8.48, p < .01 and OR = 8.14, p < .05 respectively). Female youths who had a full-time job were less likely to experience the lifetime violence (OR = 0.15, p < .05) and those who were ever pregnant with current partner were more likely to experience both lifetime intimate partner violence (OR = 5.00, p < .05) and past-year violence (OR = 5.63, p < .05). Both female and male victims were more likely to be subjected to mental health problems and only female victims felt fear for the violent partner.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Eleven percent of the victims were men (81 men, 626 women). Episodes of violence were most often repeated against women than men (p < 0.05). Injuring, in most cases mild, were more frequently found in men than women (p < 0.01). They were primarily cutaneous in 66% of cases (85% men, 64% women) and severe in 5% of cases i.e. fractures, with no difference in gender. Three cases of sexual assault and one case of chemical submission was observed in women. Insults were made more often by men than by women (p < 0.002). A psychological impact was more frequently found in women than in men (p < 0.01). The duration of the total incapacity (incapacité totale de travail = ITT) was less than 0–3 days in most cases, and this occurred more often in 91% men than in 65% women (p < 0.01).
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| ingentaconnect.com |
This article examines the intimate partner violence (IPV) literature, particularly scholarship of the gender paradigm, for a heteronormative bias— normative expectations, constraints, and demands of heterosexuality. Beginning with a critique of the gender paradigm’s framing of IPV as an extension of patriarchy that assumes a male perpetuator and female victim, this article moves to examine research on female perpetrators to gain insight on alternative arrangements of perpetrators and victims. Next, this article analyzes heteronormative biases implicit in policy implications and intervention services of the dominant gender paradigm theoretical framework. Finally, we discuss treatment options for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender perpetrators, with suggestions for future services.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Highlights • We analyzed results of 49 studies considering physical violence at work according to sex.
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| sciencedirect.com |
• Significant differences between men and women were found in most of the studies. • Men were more often victims of physical violence than women especially in the health sector. • Women at higher risk of victimization were found in multisectoral studies.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
This study sought to address underserved victims of sexual violence by examining reports of sexual violence, substance use, and help-seeking events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) and heterosexual college students. There were 2,790 students (2,482 heterosexual students and 308 LGBQ students) across 4 years who completed an online, anonymous survey measuring self-reports of sexual violence, substance use, and help-seeking. Chi-square analyses and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to determine differences in reports of sexual violence between LGBQ and heterosexual participants. Events reported by LGBQ students were significantly more likely to involve threatened sexual intercourse and sexual contact while intoxicated as compared to events reported by heterosexual students. Similar low rates of help-seeking following a sexual violence event were found among LGBQ and heterosexual victims, with most victims citing that the event was not serious enough to warrant help. LGBQ victims were significantly more likely to report that they did not seek help because they thought they would be blamed. Both LGBQ and heterosexual college students would benefit from education on issues of sexual violence, particularly the relationship between substance use and consent.
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| academic.oup.com |
Physical IPV was reported by 17.7% (16.0–19.4%) of women (3.5% victims-only, 4.2% perpetrators-only and 10.0% both victims and perpetrators) and by 19.8% (17.8–22.0%) of men (4.1%, 3.8% and 11.9%, respectively). In general, Greek presented the highest and Portuguese the lowest estimates.
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| tandfonline.com |
Rates of psychological and physical abuse in women’s same-sex relationships were shown to be commensurate to previously reported rates of violence in the IPV literature; rates of sexual coercion were also ascertained.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Comparatively few studies have looked at the health impacts or help-seeking of men who may be perpetrators and/or victims of abuse within intimate relationships. In this paper we report on help seeking and the health professional’s role based on a survey of 1368 men attending 16 general practices in the southwest of England and 31 interviews with a sample of survey respondents. The survey had a number of questions on experience or perpetration of behaviours which could be considered abusive, on whether respondents had ever been asked about such behaviours by health-care professionals, and on whether they had ever sought formal or informal help for such behaviours. Men were most likely to seek informal support from friends or family. The next most likely source of support was the family doctor. This paper suggests that health-care practitioners in general, and family doctors in particular, have a role in asking male patients about the experience or perpetration of domestic abuse and need training to do so effectively and safely.
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| sciencedirect.com |
The lifetime prevalence rates of female sexual victimization, excluding childhood sexual abuse, ranged from 9 to 83%, the rates of male sexual victimization ranged from 2 to 66%, the rates of male sexual aggression ranged from 0 to 80%, and the range of female sexual aggression ranged from 0.8 to 40%. One-year prevalence rates showed a similar variability. Conceptual and methodological problems in the database are discussed, and an outline is presented for a more harmonized approach to studying the scale of sexual aggression among young people in Europe.
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| psycnet.apa.org |
Although public awareness is increasing in regard to the realities of child sexual abuse (CSA) for boys, male survivors often delay disclosure of the abuse for years or even decades. Little is known about the factors that impede or obstruct disclosure for sexually abused boys/men. Because disclosure is often a prerequisite to help-seeking and accessing resources for healing, the purpose of this study was to identify barriers to disclosure of CSA for male survivors. Using content analysis, the researchers conducted a secondary analysis of data obtained from a large, nonclinical sample of men with histories of CSA (N = 460) who completed an online survey. The data analyzed in this study included responses to an open-ended item on disclosure barriers. Our analyses identified 10 categories of barriers that were classified into 3 domains: sociopolitical (e.g., masculinity, limited resources), interpersonal (e.g., mistrust of others, abuser factors), and personal (e.g., internal emotions, naming the experience as sexual abuse). Based on our results, these domains were distinct yet interrelated. The implications for policy, clinical practice, and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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| sciencedirect.com |
Psychological Aggression (PA) is a common and serious problem in the relationships of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. It includes a range of behaviors that are used to hurt, coerce, control, and intimidate intimate partners. This paper reviewed the conceptualizations of PA, summarized the extant literature on PA among LGB women and men, and offered recommendations to improve the investigation of PA among LGB individuals. The conceptualization, definition, measurement, and prevalence of PA perpetration and victimization vary widely across studies. Different definitions and methods of assessing PA, a lack of consistency in examining and reporting psychometric information on measures used to assess PA among LGB samples, and varying sample characteristics make it difficult to compare results across studies. As a result, we know relatively little about the antecedents and consequences of PA among LGB individuals. In order to advance research in this area and increase understanding of this serious public health problem, it is necessary to: (1) clarify what constitutes PA; (2) specify the psychometric aspects of measures used to assess PA; (3) report details about sexual minority participants‘ sexual orientation/identity; (4) examine LGB-specific variables; and (5) utilize advanced methodological and statistical approaches to studying PA.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Little is known about the perceived perpetration of female-to-male intimate partner violence by victims of male offenders mandated to treatment. Sixty-eight male perpetrators of partner violence completed measures of dyadic violent and aggressive responding at intake and at a 12-week follow-up. Approximately 20% of male offenders reported partner violence perpetration and 30% reported victimization with bidirectional violence as the most common configuration of couple violence. Maladaptive responses to conflict were prevalent across partners. Significant and highly correlated reductions in aversive behaviors were detected across the assessment period for both males and their female partners. Results are interpreted within the context of motivational models of female-to-male partner violence and current treatment approaches.
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| sciencedirect.com |
An interest in the affairs of same-sex others is especially strong among females, and women are more likely than men to use gossip in an aggressive, competitive manner. The goal of such gossip is to exclude competitors from a social group and damage the competitor’s ability to maintain a reliable social network of her own. Timeworn assumptions about an affinity between females and negative gossip appear to be more than just a stereotype. Understanding the dynamics of competitive gossip may also give us insight into related social phenomena such as how people use social media such as Facebook.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
This article investigates the content and framing of newspaper articles reporting male- and female-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). There were 173 newspaper articles coded for IPV severity, typology, and framing. Print news coverage of female-perpetrated IPV was limited; however, when reported, cases of female-perpetrated IPV were more severe, more likely to be described as perpetrated in self-defense, and less likely to be framed in terms of individual factors. For both male and female perpetrators, incidents of IPV were overwhelmingly framed as a private matter, whereas larger societal and cultural factors were rarely discussed. We discuss implications and make recommendations for broadening print media coverage of IPV to include the broader institutional, societal, and cultural causes of IPV rather than focusing primarily on individual factors.
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| psycnet.apa.org |
The present study uses qualitative methods to examine the perceptions and experiences of female-initiated sexual coercion among Hispanic college men. Four categories of findings related to Hispanic college men’s perceptions of female-initiated sexual coercion were analyzed: 1) beliefs about of male victimization; 2) types of female-initiated coercion; 3) appropriate responses to female-initiated coercion; and 4) messages about appropriate heteronormative masculinity. Participants found it difficult to accept that a man could be coerced by a woman unless, for example, drugs or alcohol were used. There was strong evidence in support of the proposition that men should “just go” with a woman’s demands for sexual contact, whether or not it was truly desired. There was also clear support for the notion that masculinity scripts influenced attitudes toward female-initiated coercion, although participants did not see these norms and scripts as unique to Hispanic culture via machismo beliefs. The results highlight the importance of acknowledging male victimization and the influence of gender scripts in research on dating violence within Hispanic populations.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
A critical examination is needed of the often mandated one-size-fits-all Duluth intervention for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). The underlying philosophy of Duluth-based interventions is evaluated as well as the treatment outcome literature for this intervention. There is very little evidence to justify the current legal system practice of mandating all perpetrators to psychological interventions addressing power and control issues. A literature review of scientific findings with IPV perpetrators and the issues that need to be taken into consideration in developing alternative evidence-based interventions are presented. The evidence seems to favor heterogeneity and not homogeneity with respect to both type of perpetrator and type of violence. Assessment and treatment suggestions are made to address this evidence-based heterogeneity and a call is made to those responsible to stop perpetuating the practice of mandating all perpetrators to attend a single intervention for which there is very limited evidence of effectiveness. About two-thirds of male perpetrators of IPV cease being physically aggressive against their partners if they are assigned to a probation officer, but there is minimal evidence that the addition of a Duluth-based intervention makes perpetration less likely.
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| link.springer.com |
This annotated bibliography describes 343 scholarly investigations (270 empirical studies and 73 reviews) demonstrating that women are as physically aggressive as men (or more) in their relationships with their spouses or opposite-sex partners. The aggregate sample size in the reviewed studies exceeds 440,850 people. Earlier versions of this paper appeared in Sexuality & Culture 1997, 1, 273–286, Sexuality & Culture 2004, 8(3–4), 140–177, and Sexuality & Culture 2010, 14(1), 49–91.
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| onlinelibrary.wiley.com |
One of the most controversial—and least understood—issues in the area of sexual violence is the prevalence of false reports of rape. Estimates of the rate of false reports vary widely, which reflects differences in way false reports are defined and in the methods that researchers use to identify them. We address this issue using a mixed methods approach that incorporates quantitative and qualitative data on sexual assault cases that were reported to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 2008 and qualitative data from interviews with LAPD detectives assigned to investigate reports of sexual assault. We found that the LAPD was clearing cases as unfounded appropriately most, but not all, of the time and we estimated that the rate of false reports among cases reported to the LAPD was 4.5 percent. We also found that although complainant recantation was the strongest predictor of the unfounding decision, other factors indicative of the seriousness of the incident and the credibility of the victim also played a role. We interpret these findings using an integrated theoretical perspective that incorporates both Black’s sociological theory of law and Steffensmeier, Ulmer, and Kramer’s focal concerns perspective.
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| tandfonline.com |
Professional attitudes towards female-perpetrated sexual abuse (FPSA) reportedly reflect the gender-role expectations found in broader society, which cast males almost exclusively as sexual aggressors or willing sexual recipients, females as sexually non-coercive or victims and male-perpetrated sexual abuse as particularly significant or injurious. Such views, however, appear to stand in contrast to the perspectives of individuals who have experienced FPSA. This paper details a systematic review of peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative literature examining these different (professional and victim) perspectives. Although the methodological shortcomings of primary papers limit the conclusions that can be drawn, the findings suggest that victim and professional perspectives of FPSA remain discrepant; professionals generally considered FPSA as less serious, less harmful and less deserving of investigation than male-perpetrated abuse; while victims of FPSA felt their experiences influenced significantly their psychological wellbeing and abilities to form and maintain interpersonal relationships. These findings are discussed in relation to professional practice and suggestions for future research.
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| tandfonline.com |
Research into rape myth acceptance (RMA) first emerged in the 1970s, when authors such as Brownmiller (1975) and Burt (1980) proposed that rape was a mechanism that allowed men to exert power over women and that the endorsement of rape myths justified this sexual dominance. These influential theories have meant that subsequent definitions of rape myths have failed to acknowledge male victims of serious sexual assault, despite an increase in prevalence rates. More recent research has attempted to explore RMA in relation to male victims, with results suggesting that men are more likely than women to endorse rape myths regarding male victims when the victim is assumed to be homosexual, or when the victim is heterosexual and the perpetrator is female.
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| journals.sagepub.com |
The first part of the study investigated quantitative differences in the coverage of female and male perpetrators (n = 395) and identified several areas where coverage differed. The second part of the study qualitatively examined coverage of female perpetrators (n = 61) to provide a richer description of such coverage. This study contributes to our understanding of female perpetrators and how these portrayals may contribute to the larger gender symmetry debate surrounding female aggressors. Implications for public health policy and research are discussed.
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| link.springer.com |
When the victim was a male, participants viewed the situation as less serious, the victim as more responsible, and were more likely to ignore the situation, than when the victim was female. Overall, results indicated that gender factors (especially participant gender) had a stronger and more consistent influence on responses to the IPV scenario than perceptions of the situation.
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| ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
We concluded that federal surveys detect a high prevalence of sexual victimization among men-in many circumstances similar to the prevalence found among women. We identified factors that perpetuate misperceptions about men’s sexual victimization: reliance on traditional gender stereotypes, outdated and inconsistent definitions, and methodological sampling biases that exclude inmates.
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| link.springer.com |
Analysis of 13,877 university student dating relationships found a similar percent of male and female “Intimate Terrorists.” This is consistent with other studies of general populations and reflects inadequacies in Johnson’s methodology.
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| onlinelibrary.wiley.com |
Contrary to the male control theory, women were found to be more physically aggressive to their partners than men were, and the reverse pattern was found for aggression to same-sex non-intimates. Furthermore, there were no substantial sex differences in controlling behavior, which significantly predicted physical aggression in both sexes. IPV was found to be associated with physical aggression to same-sex non-intimates, thereby demonstrating a link with aggression outside the family. Using Johnson’s typology, women were more likely than men to be classed as “intimate terrorists,” which was counter to earlier findings. Overall, these results do not support the male control theory of IPV.
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| sciencedirect.com |
All available studies addressing the clinical and legal aspects of child pornography have systematically concerned male abusers. The social lens through which women are viewed tends to play down their responsibility in the sexual abuse of children. Unlike men, women rarely abuse children outside the close or family circle. Furthermore, they have frequently been abused themselves in their childhood. To our knowledge, no cases of women charged with sex-related offences, including child pornography, have been described in the literature. The psychopathological characteristics of female sexual abusers and of the two women in our cases tend to suggest that the deliberate downloading of child pornography images by women is unusual, as their deviant behaviour is not related to paedophile sexual arousal It is hypothesized that the act enables women perpetrators to satisfy the sexual urges of their spouse. Sexual abuse by women exists, but the nature of the abuse appears to be specific to the gender of the perpetrator. We present two cases of women charged with sexual offences concerning minors, including the production of child pornography material.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Studies show that, in violent relationships, both partners suffer from higher levels of depression than in non-violent relationships. Most of these studies were based on samples of battered women. Very little research has examined the depression levels of women who physically assault a marital or dating partner or men who assault or are victims of female assaults. Moreover, the association between intimate partner physical violence and depression does not provide a theoretical framework or an explanation for the differences in depression levels of male and female perpetrators and victims. This article presents a preliminary, yet empirically grounded, foundation for explaining research findings on depression levels for males and females in three “Dyadic Types” of intimate partner physical violence: Male-Only, Female-Only, and Both Violent. The theoretical framework involves identifying the relation of intimate partner physical violence to be of greater male than female concern with status enhancement and greater female than male concern with risk reduction, and how these play out in each of the Dyadic Types.
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| academic.oup.com |
Male-Victims-of-Intimate-Partner-Abuse-Use and Empirical evidence from this mixed-method study suggests that male victims face many interpersonal and societal obstacles. Feeling uncomfortable when requesting assistance, men in IPA situations are affected by a masking factor that causes them to hide their situation and contributes to a misconception factor that causes people to treat men as the sole perpetrator. Although men are eligible, services may not be perceived as being available or helpful.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Higher order analyses by victimization type indicated, among other findings, that victimization types with more stranger perpetrators had more male perpetrators, victimizations with higher percentages of male-on-female and female-on-male incidents were more likely to be sexual offenses, and higher percentages of female-on-female incidents were associated with verbal victimizations.
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| sciencedirect.com |
The following retrospective and descriptive study, conducted at the Bordeaux CHU (Bordeaux University Hospital), aims to draw a comparison between the distinctive characteristics of male sexual assault victims treated at the CAUVA (Centre d’Accueil en Urgence des Victimes d’Agression – Emergency Medical Unit for Victims of Assaults) on the one hand, and, on the other hand, those identified in the existing scientific literature.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
This study aimed to investigate the moderating roles of gender and age on emotional abuse within intimate relationships. This study included 250 participants with an average age of 27 years. Participants completed the Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ; Jacobson & Gottman, 1998), which 4 subscales are isolation, degradation, sexual abuse, and property damage. Multigroup analysis with 2 groups, female (n = 141) and male (n = 109), was used to test the moderation effect. Younger men reported experiencing higher levels of emotional abuse, which declined with age. Older females reported experiencing less emotional abuse than older males. Overall, emotional abuse was more common in younger participants. Younger women experienced higher rates of isolation, and women’s overall experience of property damage was higher than that of men and increased with age. Results are interpreted through the social exchange and conflict frameworks.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Little research has assessed predictors of life-threatening violence toward men by women. We investigated such predictors in a sample of 302 men who sustained partner violence (PV) and sought help. Based on prior research on women as victims, we examined the following as potential predictors: demographics of the participant, his female partner, and their relationship; relationship power imbalances; her use of various forms of PV; her alcohol/drug use; his use of various forms of PV; his mental health and substance abuse; and his help seeking and social support. Logistic regressions indicated that there were 2 consistent predictors: the female partner’s frequency of physical PV and the number of sources from which the participant sought help.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Risk factors for FMPV were male partner’s impulsivity and frequency of intoxication and female partner’s adverse childhood experiences. Individual/couple characteristics appear to be the most salient IPV risk factors. The male partner’s heavy drinking may lead to negative partner/spousal interactions that result in FMPV. The male partner’s impulsivity, and each partner’s adverse childhood experiences, may potentiate couple conflict and result in aggression. Interventions that target prevention of family dysfunction during childhood may help reduce interpersonal violence in adulthood.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Applying a community-based participatory research approach and with the aim of developing a culturally competent program to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Latino population, 3 focus groups were conducted with Latino health promoters and male and female community members. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data collected on help-seeking behaviors and needed programs for IPV. Results reflect the need for more prevention and intervention programs that are consistent with Latinos‘ cultural values such as their strong family and spiritual orientations. Limitations of the study are also addressed.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Although research suggests that both negative affect and alcohol use are related to the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) in male samples, less is known about the status of these risk factors in female samples. Forty-three college-age females who reported a recent history of IPV perpetration submitted 6 weeks of Online daily reports pertaining to their levels of negative affect, alcohol consumption habits, and the occurrence of both male-to-female partner violence (MFPV) and female-to-male partner violence (FMPV). Results indicated that negative affect significantly predicted increases in the daily risk of FMPV. MFPV also significantly predicted FMPV risk. Alcohol consumption failed to predict FMPV perpetration on both levels of analysis. Results are discussed in terms of prevailing models of alcohol use, negative affect, and IPV.
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| link.springer.com |
This article reviews the research on same-sex IPV primarily within the United States. In placing the lessons of same-sex IPV in the foreground, we are able to uncover some common truths about IPV in general. Viewing IPV through a same-sex lens removes gender-based assumptions about the manifestations of IPV, enabling us to see how other cultural and systemic factors may contribute to IPV. At the same time, incorporating the experience of same-sex couples facilitates viewing gender as a marker for variables requiring further study rather than as an explanation. When we change our focus of IPV in such a way, we discover it is a function of a complex interaction of culture, social structures, social status, and interpersonal dynamics.
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| link.springer.com |
In this paper the literature on men’s experience of psychological abuse (in the U.S.) is reviewed and the ability to conceptualize and measure such abuse is reconsidered. Scales used to measure psychological abuse based on the experiences of battered women are critiqued as inadequate as measures of psychological abuse of men. Although both men and women direct psychological abuse toward their partners, violence perpetrated by men and women is not necessarily the same. Adopting a gender role perspective on psychological abuse, we argue that women may use different strategies to hurt men including manipulation and gender role harassment, whereas coercive control paired with physical abuse may constitute one version of (male) intimate partner violence.
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| sciencedirect.com |
The rape of women has been an issue of concern in research literature for the past 40 years. Conversely, rape against men has only relatively recently received investigation. The current paper reviews the existing research literature regarding male rape and sexual assault, with particular emphasis on female perpetrated male sexual victimization. The review covers issues regarding biased legal definitions, rape myths, feminist theory, and stereotypical or negative beliefs; all of which create a problematic social environment for male victims of female perpetrated assault to report crimes. The review also discusses the prevalence of female perpetrated attacks against men, with evidence from self-reports by female sex offenders to highlight the existence of male sexual victimization and the aggressive manner in which the sexual activity is committed. The review concludes that male sexual victimization by women should be taken as seriously as that of women by men.
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| emeraldinsight.com |
The results found that women used more verbal aggression than men in romantic relationships; however, overall levels of verbal aggression use were relatively high regardless of sex.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Recent research results emerging from Africa show a worrying situation regarding the levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) in various countries in the continent — levels that are quite high and place great financial burden on individuals and governments. This paper explores the magnitude, nature, and risk factors of IPV in five African countries, namely, Morocco, Nigeria, Namibia, Uganda, and Tanzania. The focus of the paper is to explore issues of IPV in these countries by considering the opportunities in each country that could assist in the prevention of violence, and also to identify inherent challenges that may pose threats to efforts in reducing the high IPV prevalence. As there are only limited studies on IPV in developing countries, new insights provided by this paper would afford relevant stakeholders a better understanding of the issue.
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| sciencedirect.com |
Contemporary studies offer limited information about this issue and the consequences it has on the victims. The majority of such cases are not reported. Sometimes sexual abuse by female perpetrators is considered more acceptable than sexual abuse by males. Psychological interventions could be a powerful tool in reduction of female sexual abuse and its consequences on the victims.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
The sample consisted of more than 6,000 men and women between the age of 15 and 70 years old. Prevalence rates as high as 21% for men and 56% for women were found. Fifty percent of the female victims and 30% of the male victims of child sexual abuse had experienced adult victimization.
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| link.springer.com |
When men are victims of DV, they are physically as well as psychologically abused with the female (ex)-partners often being their perpetrator.
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| emeraldinsight.com |
Further, 14.5 percent (chronicity, mean/SD 140.2±86.3) of the women used all abuse types against their partners: 18.2 percent (chronicity, mean/SD 113.1±75.9) injury, and psychological and physical abuse; 14.7 percent (chronicity, mean/SD 64.9±64.3) injury, and physical and sexual abuse; 16.3 percent (chronicity, mean/SD 94.1±57.2) injury, and psychological and sexual abuse; and 24.9 percent (chronicity, mean/SD 99.5±72) psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. Controlling behaviours, co-occurring perpetration, abuse as a child, and certain types of own victimization were the more important factors associated with the inflicted abuse.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Few gender differences in rates of physical and psychological aggression were found among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Native American men and women. Psychological aggression was most frequently reported. Bidirectional violence, which primarily took the form of minor aggression, was the most frequently reported form of physical violence. When unidirectional aggression was assessed, it was more likely to be female perpetrated, particularly among African Americans.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
For emotional abuse, prevalence rates might average around 80%, with 40% of women and 32% of men reporting expressive aggression (i.e., verbal abuse or emotional violence in response to some agitating or aggravating circumstance) and 41% of women and 43% of men reporting some form of coercive control. For sexual coercion, national samples demonstrated the widest disparity by gender of victim, with 0.2% of men and 4.5% of women endorsing forced sexual intercourse by a partner. By far, the largest selection of highly variable studies, stalking and obsessive behaviors showed a range from 4.1% to 8.0% of women and 0.5% to 2.0% of men in the United States have been stalked at some time in their life.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Unweighted, pooled prevalence estimates were calculated for female and male victimization overall and by sample type, country, measurement time frame, and measurement approach. Across studies, approximately 1 in 4 women (23.1%) and 1 in 5 men (19.3%) experienced physical violence in an intimate relationship, with an overall pooled prevalence estimate of 22.4%.
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| ingentaconnect.com |
Consistent with prior reviews, pooled prevalence was slightly greater for female- compared to male-perpetrated physical IPV: more than 1 in 4 women (28.3%) and 1 in 5 men (21.6%) reported perpetrating physical violence in an intimate relationship.
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